watt-hour meters

Watt-hour meters
The utility company is not too interested in how much power you’re using with one appliance,
or even how much power a single household is drawing, at any given time. By
far the greater concern is the total energy that is used over a day, a week, a month or a
year. Electrical energy is measured in watt hours, or, more commonly for utility purposes,
in kilowatt hours (kWh). The device that indicates this is the watt-hour meter
or kilowatt-hour meter.
The most often-used means of measuring electrical energy is by using a small electric
motor device, whose speed depends on the current, and thereby on the power at a
constant voltage. The number of turns of the motor shaft, in a given length of time, is directly
proportional to the number of kilowatt hours consumed. The motor is placed at
the point where the utility wires enter the house, apartment or building. This is usually
at a point where the voltage is 234 V. This is split into some circuits with 234 V, for
heavy-duty appliances such as the oven, washer and dryer, and the general household
fines for lamps, clock radios and, television sets.
You’ve surely seen the little disk in the utility meter going around and around,
sometimes fast, other times slowly. Its speed depends on the power you’re using. The
total number of turns of this little disk, every month, determines the size of the bill you
will get—as a function also, of course, of the cost per kilowatt hour for electricity.
Kilowatt-hour meters count the number of disk turns by means of geared, rotary
drums or pointers. The drum type meter gives a direct digital readout. The pointer type
has several scales calibrated from 0 to 9 in circles, some going clockwise and others going
counterclockwise.
Reading a pointer type utility meter is a little tricky, because you must think in
whatever direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) the scale goes. An example of a
pointer type utility meter is shown in Fig. 3-11. Read from left to right. For each little
meter, take down the number that the pointer has most recently passed. Write down
the rest as you go. The meter in the figure reads 3875 kWh. If you want to be really precise,
you can say it reads 3875-1/2 kWh.