Cells and batteries

ONE OF THE MOST COMMON AND MOST VERSATILE SOURCES OF DC IS THE CELL.
The term cell means self-contained compartment, and it can refer to any of various different
things in (and out of) science. In electricity and electronics, a cell is a unit source
of dc energy. There are dozens of different types of electrical cells.
When two or more cells are connected in series, the result is known as a battery.

Alkaline cells
The alkaline cell uses granular zinc for the negative electrode, potassium hydroxide as
the electrolyte, and a device called a polarizer as the positive electrode. The geometry
of construction is similar to that of the zinc-carbon cell. An alkaline cell can work at
lower temperatures than a zinc-carbon cell. It also lasts longer in most electronic devices,
and is therefore preferred for use in transistor radios, calculators, and portable
cassette players. Its shelf life is much longer than that of a zinc-carbon cell. As you
might expect, it costs more.

Transistor batteries
Those little 9-V things with the funny connectors on top consist of six tiny zinc-carbon
or alkaline cells in series. Each of the six cells supplies 1.5 V.
Even though these batteries have more voltage than individual cells, the total energy
available from them is less than that from a C cell or D cell. This is because the electrical
energy that can be gotten from a cell or battery is directly proportional to the
amount of chemical energy stored in it, and this, in turn, is a direct function of the volume
(size) of the cell. C or D size cells have more volume than a transistor battery, and
therefore contain more stored energy, assuming the same chemical type.
The ampere-hour capacity of a transistor battery is very small. But transistor radios
don’t need much current. These batteries are also used in other low-current electronic
devices, such as remote-control garage-door openers, TV channel changers, remote
video-cassette recorder (VCR) controls, and electronic calculators.

Lantern batteries
These get their name from the fact that they find much of their use in lanterns. These are
the batteries with a good, solid mass so they last a long time. One type has spring contacts
on the top. The other type has thumbscrew terminals. Besides keeping a lantern lit
for awhile, these big batteries, usually rated at 6 V and consisting of four good-size
zinc-carbon or alkaline cells, can provide enough energy to operate a low-power radio
transceiver. Two of them in series make a 12-V battery that can power a 5-W Citizen
Band (CB) or ham radio. They’re also good for scanner radio receivers in portable locations,
for camping lamps, and for other medium-power needs


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