wattmeters

Wattmeters
The measurement of electrical power requires that voltage and current both be measured
simultaneously. Remember that power is the product of the voltage and current.
That is, watts (P) equals volts (E) times amperes (I), written as P
EI. In fact, watts
are sometimes called volt-amperes in a dc circuit.
You might think that you can just connect a voltmeter in parallel with a circuit,
thereby getting a reading of the voltage across it, and also hook up an ammeter in series
to get a reading of the current through the circuit, and then multiply volts times amperes
to get watts consumed by the circuit. And in fact, for practically all dc circuits,
this is an excellent way to measure power
Quite often, however, it’s simpler than that. In many cases, the voltage from the
power supply is constant and predictable. Utility power is a good example. The effective
voltage is always very close to 117 V. Although it’s ac, and not dc, power can be measured
in the same way as with dc: by means of an ammeter connected in series with the
circuit, and calibrated so that the multiplication (times 117) has already been done.
Then, rather than 1 A, the meter would show a reading of 117 W, because P
EI
117
 1
117 W. If the meter reading were 300 W, the current would be 300/117
2.56 A.
An electric iron might consume 1000 W, or a current of 1000/117
8.55 A. And a
large heating unit might gobble up 2000 W, requiring a current of 2000/117
17. 1 A. This
might blow a fuse or breaker, since these devices are often rated for only 15 A. You’ve
probably had an experience where you hooked up too many appliances to a single circuit,
blowing the fuse or breaker. The reason was that the appliances, combined, drew too
much current for the house wiring to safely handle, and the fuse or breaker, detecting the
excess current, opened the circuit.
Specialized wattmeters are necessary for the measurement of radio-frequency
(RF) power, or for peak audio power in a high-fidelity amplifier, or for certain other specialized
applications. But almost all of these meters, whatever the associated circuitry,
use simple ammeters as their indicating devices.

Xlink

What is XLink?

XLink is short for the XML Linking Language

XLink is a language for creating hyperlinks in XML documents

XLink is similar to HTML links - but it is a lot more powerful
ANY element in an XML document can behave as an XLink
XLink supports simple links (like HTML) and extended links (for linking multiple resources together)
With XLink, the links can be defined outside of the linked files
XLink is a W3C Recommendation
What is XPointer?
XPointer is short for the XML Pointer Language
XPointer allows the hyperlinks to point to specific parts of the XML document
XPointer uses XPath expressions to navigate in the XML document
XPointer is a W3C Recommendation
XLink and XPointer are W3C Recommendations
The XML Linking Language (XLink) became a W3C Recommendation 27. June 2001.
The XML Pointer Language (XPointer) became a W3C Recommendation 25. March 2003.
XLink and XPointer Browser Support
The browser support for XLink and XPointer is minimal.
There is some XLink support in Mozilla 0.98+, Netscape 6.02+, and Internet Explorer 6.0. Earlier versions of all of these browsers have no XLinks support at all!